2023年托福答案阅读热门10篇（全文完整）

托福答案阅读第1篇TheOriginsofTheaterInseekingtodescribetheoriginsoftheater,onemustrelyprimarilyonspeculation下面是小编为大家整理的托福答案阅读热门10篇,供大家参考。

托福答案阅读 第1篇

The Origins of Theater

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may As a result, it may abandon or modify some But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group"s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious

Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into Storytelling has been proposed as one Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator"s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different

A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and Admiration for the performer"s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century , sees humans as naturally imitative-as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous Therefore, additional explanations are One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious

Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or

托福答案阅读 第2篇

The word "championed" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○changed

○debated

○created

○supported

The word "attributes" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ascribes

○leaves

○limits

○contrasts

According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

○are mainly hypothetical

○are well supported by factual evidence

○have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

○were expressed in the early stages of theater"s development

According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society

○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply

○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies

○To increase the society"s prosperity

Paragraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may As a result, it may abandon or modify some But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group"s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as anautonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious

The word "this" in the passage refers to

○the acting out of rites

○the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society

○the separation of myths from rites

○the celebration of supernatural forces

The word "autonomous" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○artistic

○important

○independent

○established

According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

○Emphasizing theater as entertainment

○Developing a new understanding of why events occur

○Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters

○Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition

Paragraph 5: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century , sees humans as naturally imitative-as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant

All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT

○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid

○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better

○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other

○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human

Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?

○The author presents two theories for a historical

○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the

○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new

○The author points out problems with two popular

Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous Therefore, additional explanations are One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious

The word "penchant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○compromise

○inclination

○tradition

○respect

Why does the author mention "comedy"?

○To give an example of early types of theater

○To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare

○To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater

○To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential (4)

○A society"s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic

○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral

○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social

○Myths sometimes survived in a society"s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously

Paragraph 3: █Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into █Storytelling has been proposed as one █Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human █Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator"s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different

Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

To enhance their listeners" enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and

Where would the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater

●

●

●

Answer choices

○The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early storytellers traveled to different groups to tell their

○Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social

○The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized

○Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of

○Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving

○The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater

托福答案阅读 第3篇

参考翻译：生态系统的长期稳定

植物群体可以自由地聚集，它们特殊的结构取决于聚集区域的具体历史。生态学家使用"演替"来诠释植物群落和生态系统随着时间推移所发生的变化。演替中的第一个群落被称作先锋群落，而处于演替最后那个长期生存的群落被称为顶极群落。先锋群落和紧接着的植物群落的变化周期是从1到500年不等，植物数量和混合种类数量的变化是慢慢积累的。顶极群落本身也改变，但其变化周期超过500年。

现代一个研究池塘的生态学会发现池塘在一年当中相对而言是不变的。个别鱼类可能被替换，但年复一年鱼的总数都趋于一致。也就是说，一个生态系统自身的属性要比由单一生物体组成的生态系统更稳定。

生态学家们一度认为物种的多样性使生态系统稳定，生态系统物种越多样则生态系统越稳定。通过观察得出的结论支持了这个观点，长期持久的顶极群落通常要比先锋群落具备更为复杂的食物网和更多的物种。生态学家家们得出的结论是：顶点生态系统的稳定性明显取决于他们的复杂化程度。举个极端的例子，在单一作物的农田中，一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁所有作物。与此相反，在一个复杂的顶极群落里，如温带森林，他们便可以抵御来自气候和害虫的干扰和入侵。

不管怎样，生态系统稳定性的问题非常复杂。首先，不是所有的生态学家都赞同"稳定"的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。如果是这样的话，顶极群落将被视为最稳定的，因为根据定义，他们随着时间推移而变化得最少。另外，稳定性也可以界定为生态系统在经历了严重破坏之后回复原貌的速度，比如火灾。这种稳定性也被称作弹性。在这种情况下，顶极群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的，因为他们可能需要数百年时间才能恢复到顶点状态。

即使是这种被定义为简单地缺乏变化的稳定性并非总是与最多样的物种联系起来。至少在温带地区，会经常在演替过程中发现最多物种，而不是在顶极群落中。例如，红杉树林一旦成熟，其中的物种数量以及单个物种的数量都会减少。一般来说，多样性本身并不能保证稳定性(事实上正相反)，生态系统的数学模型也可以得出同样的结论。一个更复杂的系统可能比一个简单的系统更容易被破坏(一个十五速的赛车比一个孩子的三轮车更容易损坏)。

生态学家们更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢复，因为世界各地的顶极群落都因为人类活动而遭受到严重的损坏或毁坏。就像美国西北部圣海伦火山的猛烈喷发所造成的破坏，在人类活动对环境造成的破坏面前也相形见绌。我们必须了解对群落抵抗、破坏和恢复来说哪些是最重要的。

现在的很多生态学家们认为，顶极群落相对长期的稳定性并非来自于多样性，而是来自环境的"补缀"，随处变化的环境比始终如一的环境更有利于多种有机体的生存。当地物种灭亡后，马上就会被相邻群落的移民取代。即便是另一种不同的物种，他们也可以填补那些已灭绝生物的空缺，并保持食物网的完整。

托福答案阅读 第4篇

The word "diffused" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ emerged

○ was understood

○ spread

○ developed

According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?

○African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without

○The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to

○Africa"s native plants are very difficult to

○African communities were not large enough to support

In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about changes in the African environment during this time period?

○The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be

○Although periods of drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was

○Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of

○A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could

Paragraph 2: Livestock also came from outside Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 ) and then spread across the Sudan to West Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 , there were trade routes across the Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century This was an important innovation, because the camel"s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and

According to paragraph 2, camels were important because they

○ were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to Africa

○ allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carve out large empires

○ helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invaders

○ made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara

According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?

○Horses and chariots

○Sheep and goats

○Hyksos invaders from Egypt

○Camels and cattle

Paragraph 3: Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and

What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?

○It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West

○It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from

○It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same

○It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of

Paragraph 4: This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African Iron represented In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political

The word "profound" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ fascinating

○ far-reaching

○ necessary

○ temporary

The word "ritual" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ military

○ physical

○ ceremonial

○ permanent

According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:

○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social

○Metal weapons increased the power of

○Iron tools helped increase the food

○Technical knowledge gave religious power to its

Paragraph 5: Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions and

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier

○Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating

○Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron

○Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower

Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these These people probably originated in eastern Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the They spoke a language, proto-Bantu ("Bantu" means "the people"), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration-or simply rapid demographic growth-may have also caused the Bantu

The word "fleeing" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ afraid of

○ displaced by

○ running away from

○ responding to

Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possible causes of the "Bantu explosion" EXCEPT

○ superior weapons

○ better hunting skills

○ peaceful migration

○ increased population

Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these These people probably originated in eastern ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the ■They spoke a language, proto-Bantu ("Bantu" means "the people"), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration-or simply rapid demographic growth-may have also caused the Bantu ■

Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as

Where would the sentence best fit?

Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring

●

●

●

Answer choices

○Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other

○The harshness of the African climate meant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of iron

○The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political

○As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious

○The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in

○Today"s Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout

托福答案阅读 第5篇

Good news, lovebirds! If you"re planning to celebrate with your Valentine in the coming weeks, get ready to toast to your

情侣们，好消息来啦!如果已经计划和另一半共度即将到来的情人节，这要是提升健康的好机会哦。

Earlier this week, a researcher at the Medical University of Vienna spread some good news in honor of National Hug He pointed out that hugging someone you care about can ease stress and anxiety, lower blood pressure and even boost

本周初，维也纳医药大学的研究者为纪念全国拥抱日公布了这个好消息，研究指出拥抱你关心的人能减轻压力和焦虑，降低血压甚至提高记忆力。

While the association between hugging and your health isn"t new, it"s especially relevant this time of year -- with Valentine"s Day on the horizon and many couples hurrying to cuddle away the frigid temperatures sweeping across much of the

拥抱和健康之间的联系早已不是什么新闻了，尤其到了每年这个时候——情人节在即，全国范围内的众多情侣们也会急于用拥抱来温暖这个冬天。

Experts believe it all comes back to the hormone A simple embrace seems to increase levels of the "love hormone," which has been linked to social

专家们认为这全是荷尔蒙催产素的功劳。简单的拥抱能提升这种被称为“爱的荷尔蒙”的指数，此荷尔蒙与社交也密切相关。

That oxytocin boost seems to have a greater calming effect on women than men, the BBC In one study, the stress-reducing effects of a brief hug in the morning carried throughout a tough work day, USA Today

BBC报道称，催产素的增加似乎对女性更有镇静的效果。今日美国报道称一项研究显示清晨的一个简单拥抱能起到持续一天减压的效果。

Perhaps the best news of all is that hugging isn"t the only way getting close to your Valentine can boost your A few others also have big benefits:

当然，拥抱并不是情人节时提高健康的唯一办法，下面这些同样也有大好处哦：

Cuddling

搂抱

Call it an extended hug -- cuddling also releases stress-easing oxytocin, which can reduce blood pressure and bond you with your But you may not have guessed that a little cuddle time can help you and your partner communicate "Non-verbal communication can be a very powerful way to say to your partner, "I get you,"" marriage and family therapist David Klow told Shape "Cuddling is a way of saying, "I know how you " It allows us to feel known by our partner in ways that words can"t "

这是拥抱的加长版，同样能释放降压的催产素，能降低血压同时让你俩更亲密。你绝对想不到稍稍拥抱一会还能促进你俩之间的交流吧。婚姻与家庭临床专家David Kolw对Shape杂志表示：非言语交流也是告诉另一半“我拥有你”的最有力的方式。拥抱也是交流的一种方式，“我能理解你的感受”，这让我们能感受到另一半身上某些无法用言语表达的东西。

Talking

交谈

Speaking of communication -- even just spending time together without touching can put you at ease and lower blood pressure, compared to spending time with someone less significant, according to the Not to mention that making the effort to communicate openly can only strengthen your

说到交流，根据BBC的报道，相较于和那些不是很重要的人在一起而言，和伴侣在一起也能让你感到平静，即使不相互触摸也能降低血压，而畅所欲言的交谈更是可以期待加强感情的效果。

Kissing

亲吻

Of course, kissing has also been shown to affect oxytocin and cortisol levels, and, just like hugging and cuddling, can reduce But one of the more surprising pros of puckering up is a cleaner The increase in saliva production that comes along with a smooch can wash bacteria off teeth and help fight plaque

和拥抱、搂抱一样，亲吻当然也能对催产素和皮质醇指数起到影响，能减轻压力。但最重要的优点之一还在于能清洁口腔。唾液分泌的增加能清扫牙齿表面的细菌，帮助血小板的形成。

Sex

滚床单

In addition to relaxing you and burning some calories, some time between the sheets can help you fight off As long as your partner isn"t already sick, a couple of sexy escapades a week can boost a particular antibody that fights off colds, according to a 1999 Sex may also promote better sleep, thanks to both the relaxing effects of that oxytocin and an increase in a hormone called prolactin, which is normally higher during sleep, according to Women"s

除去放松和燃烧脂肪，不时的滚滚床单还能帮你对抗细菌哦。1999年的研究显示，只要你的伴侣没有生病，一周几次的滚床单能提高一种特定抵抗感冒的抗体。根据《女性健康》杂志的报道，由于催产素的放松效果，以及催乳激素(睡眠时一种指数较高的激素)的增加，滚床单还能提高睡眠质量。

托福答案阅读 第6篇

参考翻译：欧洲的岩洞艺术

迄今为止，发现的最早的并且有迹可寻的工艺品是珠链和雕刻，然后还有绘画，人类在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了它们。虽然我们可能会认为早期的艺术成就都是不成熟的，但西班牙与法国南部的岩洞画显示出了高超的技艺，在非洲南部发掘出的自然石板画也是如此。其中的一些石板画看上去像是在28 000年前画出的，这表明非洲绘画与欧洲绘画一样时间久远，但可能更早些。至少30 000年前，也可能追溯至60 000年前，早期澳大利亚人就已经在岩石遮蔽的墙上和悬崖断面上作画了。

研究人员彼特o阿寇 和安德烈o罗森菲尔德指出西欧洞画的三个主要地点：(1)在明显有遮蔽可供人类居住的岩石和洞穴入口处，(2)在居住的洞穴一出门的走廊上，(3)在洞穴所能及的最深处，有人认为之所以在最深处作画是因为当时的人们曾在这里进行神秘的宗教活动。

这些绘画的主题大部分都是动物。这些画画在裸露的岩石上，没有任何背景和环境装饰。或许，同许多当代人一样，后石器时代的人们也相信画人物像会引起伤害或死亡。如果这确实是他们的信念，那就解释了为什么在洞穴绘画中很少描绘人物。对于画中以动物题材为主的另一个解释是，人们在探索如何提高打猎的命中率。墙上所画的动物身上有一些伤口，很可能是原始人向它们扔矛时留下的，这个证据也证实了以上判断。但如果提高打猎命中率真的是岩壁画的主要动机，那么就很难解释为什么只有少数画上有被矛戳过的痕迹。或许是出于增加猎物的需求而画的画。在后期旧石器时代猎群数量减少时，岩洞画艺术似乎达到了顶峰。

也许研究者帕特丽夏o赖斯和安o派特森所做研究的结果更清楚地揭示了法国西南部的岩洞画的特殊象征性意义。研究显示，绘画者喜欢食用的动物或喜欢用作兽皮的动物是岩洞画中经常被描绘的动物。比如，野牛(牛)和马的出现比我们预料的更为频繁，可能因为它们比其它动物更大更沉(肉更多)。另外，画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物，它们的体形、速度、与生俱来的武器如长牙和角，以及它们行为的不可预知性都令绘画者感到恐惧。于是，和鹿、驯鹿相比，猛犸、牛和马会更经常画在墙上。因此，在旧石器时代晚期的人的经济中，岩洞艺术与打猎的重要性有关，这些画作也与这个观点相符合。看起来旧石器时代晚期的文化期的艺术也反映了人们如何得到食物，根据调查者的研究，这一事实也与前文的想法一致。但在那个时期，当不再依靠猎取大型猎物获得食物时(因为它们开始变得稀少)，岩洞艺术便不再以描绘动物为主了。

旧石器时代晚期的艺术不仅仅局限于洞穴绘画。许多矛杆和类似的东西上都画了动物作为装饰。人类学家亚历山大o马斯哈克对旧石器时代晚期的一些雕刻品有一个有趣的解释。他认为在公元前30 000年，猎人们可能使用了一种刻在骨头或石头上的标志法来标记不同的月相。如果此论述是真的，这就意味着旧石器时代晚期的人们已经有了复杂的思维并对他们的环境有了一个理性的认识。人们还在旧石器时代晚期的遗址上发现了以夸张的形式描绘妇女的小雕塑。这也暗示了这些小雕塑是一种理想形象或者说表达了当时的人类期望多生育的愿望。

托福答案阅读 第7篇

Lava

Lava is magma that breaks the surface and erupts from a If the magma is very fluid, it flows rapidly down the volcano’s Lava that is stickier and less fluid moves Lava flows that have a continuous, smooth, ropy, or billowy surface are called pahoehoe (pronounced path HOH eel hob eel) flows; while a (pronounced ah ah) flows have a jagged surface composed of loose, irregularly shaped lava Once cooled, pahoehoe forms smooth rocks, while a a forms jagged The words pahoehoe and a are Hawaiian terms that describe the texture of the Lava may also be described in terms of its composition and the type of rock it Basalt, andesitic, decides, and hyalite is all different kinds of rock that form from Each type of rock, and the lava from which it forms, contains a different amount of the compound silicon Basaltic lava has the least amount of silicon dioxide, andesitic and deictic lava have medium levels of silicon dioxide, while holistic lava has the

托福答案阅读 第8篇

to paragraph 2, which of the following is a criticism of Clements" view of succession?

The principles of succession are more lawlike than Clements thought they

More evidence is needed to establish Clements’ predictions about

The details of succession are affected by random

Many of the factors that determine which plants will grow in an environment, such as the nature of the soil and the exposure to sun, do not change at

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 本段较短，可以快速扫完，也可以用人名和succession做关键词定位至最后一句，说很多因素都可以影响succession，所以正确答案是C。D提到了many factors，但change是原文没说的，错;A的比较原文没说，错;B是最具有迷惑性的选项，因为原文说没有被证实，也就是已经建立了只是没证实，但B说需要更多证据来建立Clemens的预测，也就是没建立，而且预测也不对，所以A错。

word “substantiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

confirmed

noticed

defined

publicized

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A substantiate: 证实，确认。A是确证;B是发现;C是定义;D是宣传。所以正确答案是A的confirm。

word “trend” in the passage is closest in meaning to

probability

picture

lawlike regularity

tendency

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D, trend: 趋势。A是可能性;B是图片，景色;C是想法律一样的规则性;D是趋势。所以D的tendency正确。

word “likewise” in the passage is closest in meaning to

sometimes

similarly

apparently

consequently

正确答案：B

题目解析：

B likewise: 同样地，此外。A是有时候;相似的;明显的;因此，结果。所以B的similarly是正确答案。

word “legitimately” in the passage is closest in meaning to

commonly

broadly

properly

officially

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 这道题很多同学误选 其实，C properly 更好。前句说一些学者接受Clements， 对于climax的concept, 但拒绝C对于climax作为superorganism特征的概括。然后做了一个对比区分。An ant colony may be legitimately called a superorganism…. But there is no evidence for such an interacting communicative network in a climax plant 这个对比区分的是两个范畴，动物的和植物的。如果把legitimately 理解为officially, formally,应该只举一个植物范畴的例子，构成“正式、官方、权威”和实际情况的转折。现在是两个范畴的对比，应该理解成：
一个领域“合理，有道理，正确”，另外一个领域“没有证据，没有道理”

to paragraph 4, why do many authors prefer the term “association” to “community” when describing a climax plant formation?

Because the term “association” does not suggest the presence of a tight network involving interactive

Because the term “association” indicates that the grouping is not necessarily beneficial to all

Because the term “community” indicates continuing dynamic development that a climax formation does not

Because the term “community” suggests an organization that has been designed for a specific purpose

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A 细节题题，先读修辞点所在句子，in order to告诉你这句话中就含有目的了，将in order to后面的内容读了就找到答案，原句说为了强调这种互动的松散性，很多作者更愿意使用association，原文都说了是为了强调松散性，所以答案是A，不存在紧的network。B的beneficial to all members，C的dynamic development和D的specific purpose原文都没说。

paragraph 5, the author challenges the idea of a “biome” by noting that

there are usually no very strong connections among the plants and animals living in a place

plants and animals respond in the same way to the same circumstances

particular combinations of flora and fauna do not generally come about purely by chance

some animals are dependent on specific kinds of plants for food

正确答案：A

题目解析：

A 以biome做关键词定位至第二句，由于这句只是给出了biome的概念，没有challenge，所以往下看，下句说尽管有些动物与植物的关系是紧密的，但还是不能说biome，比如他们之间没有internal cohesion，所以答案是A，动植物之间没有紧密关系。B和C原文都没讲;D的food原文也没说，而且D也不是challenge上文提到的概念的，所以不对。

does the author make the statement, “Indeed, there are vast areas of spruce forest without moose” ?

To highlight a fact whose significance the ecologist Herbert Gleason had missed

To propose the idea that a spruce forest is by itself a superorganism

To emphasize that moose are not limited to a single kind of environment

To criticize the idea of a spruce-moose biome

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D 修辞目的题，修辞点就是一个句子，所以看前一句，前句说spruce种群不受moose是否存在的影响，依然还是一个例子，所以看中心句，注意这段文字的中心句不是第一句，而是上一题中提到的第二句，说spruce-moose biome是不对的，所以答案是D。

word “initiated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

approved

identified

started

foreseen

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C initiate: 开始，首创。A是同意;B是核实;C是开始;D是预见。所以正确答案是C的started。

to paragraph 5, Gleason’s opposition to the Clementsian views of plant ecology was based on the claim that plant species grow in places where

they can enter into mutually beneficial relationships with other species

conditions suit them, regardless of whether particular other species are present

habitats are available for a wide variety of plant and animal species

their requirements are met, and those of most other species are not

正确答案：B

题目解析：

B 以Christian和species做关键词定位至最后两句，倒数第二句说反对，最后一句说反对的原因，物种的分布取决于环境，只是自身生态学的结果。也就是跟其他物种无关，所以答案是B。既然说跟其他物种无关，A和D就不对，C也说了大量物种，与原文不同。

of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

Unlike the terms “climax”, “biome,” and “superorganism,” which refer to the particular association of plants and animals at a given location, the term “ecosystem” refers specifically to the physical factors within an

The terms “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and “ecosystem” all refer to the system of plants and animals in an associated environment, but some are more controversial than

When the older terms of ecology became too technical, they were replaced by the more popular and more widely used term “”

The term “ecosystem” gradually replaced discredited terms for the combination of a physical environment and the plants and animals living together in

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D原句当中的with结构是非主要成分，主要成分是：采用了ecosystem形容生物和环境的associated system，正确答案D。A的后半句错，eco不是单只physical factor，而是系统;B和C都错在将原句的主干和非主干混合，不选。

to paragraph 6, what did ecologists mainly study when the ecosystem concept was the dominant paradigm?

The physical factors present in different environments

The typical activities of animals and the effect of those activities on plants

The rates at which ecosystems changed from one kind to another

The flow of energy and matter through ecosystems

正确答案：D

题目解析：

D，以ecologist做关键词定位至最后一句，说生态学家最关注的是特定生态系统里物质与能量的传递及其速率，所以答案是D。A和B都没说，C的rate原文有说，但原文说的是物质和能量传递的速率，不是答案说的ecosystem改变的速率，所以C错。

at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit ?

They may be more interested in researching, for example, the adaptations that some aquatic animals undergo to survive in dry desert

正确答案：C

题目解析：

C 两个过渡点，代词they和名词adaption，从名词adaption可以得出B或者C正确;代词they指的是倒数第二句中的younger ecologists，所以they应该放在名词之后，所以B错C对。

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provied Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2 The study of the combination of plant species that inhabit a particular locality became a scientific discipline toward the end of the nineteenth

that are recovering from serious disturbances like volcanic eruptions and heavy floods provide special opportunities to observe the development of plant

a given species will be found in a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other species it would interact with in that

studies of entire system of associated organisms together with their environment provide a solid basis for current studies of specific ecological

to the earliest theories of ecology, the development of plant communities proceeds in lawlike fashion and results in stable climax

idea of associations of plants and animals that function as “superorganisms” was later rejected by biologists who saw no strong evidence in support of that

once popular idea of communities as integrated ecosystems has been largely rejected by modern ecologists, who are more interested in problems involving behavior and

正确答案：DEF

题目解析：

Areas选项MS是第一段中的一个细节，但提供研究机会原文完全没讲，不选。Whether选项与第五段的最后一句相反，不选.Computer选项与第七段第三句说反，而且即使说对也是个细节，不选.According选项对应原文第二和第三段的首句，正确.The idea选项对应原文第四段第二句，正确.The once选项对应原文第七段第一句，正确.

托福答案阅读 第9篇

The word "massive" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ ancient

○ carefully

○ very large

○ carefully protected

In paragraph 1, each of the following is mentioned as a feature of the city of Teotihuacán between 150 and 700 EXCEPT

○ regularly arranged streets

○ several administrative centers spread across the city

○ many manufacturing workshops

○ apartment complexes

Paragraph 2: How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán"s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley"s potential for extensive The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán"s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium , the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán"s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium

The word "pinpoint" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ identify precisely

○ make an argument for

○ describe

○ understand

word "ingenuity" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ ambition

○ sincerity

○ faith

○ cleverness

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a main factor in the development of Teotihuacán?

○The presence of obsidian in the Teotihuacán Valley

○The potential for extensive irrigation of Teotihuacán Valley lands

○A long period of volcanic inactivity in the Teotihuacán Valley

○Teotihuacán"s location on a natural trade route

Paragraph 2: How did this tremendous development take place, and why did it happen in the Teotihuacán Valley? Among the main factors are Teotihuacán"s geographic location on a natural trade route to the south and east of the Valley of Mexico, the obsidian resources in the Teotihuacán Valley itself, and the valley"s potential for extensive The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint―for instance, Teotihuacán"s religious significance as a shrine, the historical situation in and around the Valley of Mexico toward the end of the first millennium , the ingenuity and foresightedness of Teotihuacán"s elite, and, finally, the impact of natural disasters, such as the volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium

Paragraph 3: This last factor is at least circumstantially implicated in Teotihuacán"s Prior to 200 , a number of relatively small centers coexisted in and near the Valley of Around this time, the largest of these centers, Cuicuilco, was seriously affected by a volcanic eruption, with much of its agricultural land covered by With Cuicuilco eliminated as a potential rival, any one of a number of relatively modest towns might have emerged as a leading economic and political power in Central The archaeological evidence clearly indicates, though, that Teotihuacán was the center that did arise as the predominant force in the area by the first century

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about the Volcanic eruptions of the late first millennium

○They were more frequent than historians once

○They may have done more damage to Teotihuacán than to neighboring

○They may have played a major role in the rise of Teotihuacá

○They increased the need for extensive irrigation in the Teotihuacán

What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Cuicuilco prior to 200

○It was a fairly small city until that

○It was located outside the Valley of

○It emerged rapidly as an economical and political

○Its economy relied heavily on

The word "predominant" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ most aggressive

○ most productive

○ principal

○ earliest

Paragraph 4: It seems likely that Teotihuacán"s natural resources, along with the city elite"s ability to recognize their potential, gave the city a competitive edge over its The valley, like many other places in Mexican and Guatemalan highlands, was rich in The hard volcanic stone was a resource that had been in great demand for many years, at least since the rise of the Olmecs (a people who flourished between 1200 and 400 ), and it apparently had a secure Moreover, recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites has shown that some of the obsidian obtained by the Olmecs originated near Teotihuacá Teotihuacán obsidian must have been recognized as a valuable commodity for many centuries before the great city

Which of the following allowed Teotihuacán to have "a competitive edge over its neighbors"?

○A well-exploited and readily available commodity

○The presence of a highly stable elite class

○Knowledge derived directly from the Olmecs about the art of toolmaking

○Scarce natural resources in nearby areas such as those located in what are now the Guatemalan and Mexican highlands

According to paragraph 4, what has recent research on obsidian tools found at Olmec sites shown?

○Obsidian"s value was understood only when Teotihuacán became an important

○The residents of Teotihuacán were sophisticated

○The residents of Teotihuacán traded obsidian with the Olmecs as early as 400

○Some of the obsidian used by the Olmecs came from the area around

Paragraph 5: Long-distance trade in obsidian probably gave the elite residents of Teotihuacán access to a wide variety of exotic good, as well as a relatively prosperous Such success may have attracted immigrants to Teotihuacá In addition, Teotihuacán"s elite may have consciously attempted to attract new It is also probable that as early as 200 Teotihuacán may have achieved some religious significance and its shrine (or shrines) may have served as an additional population Finally, the growing population was probably fed by increasing the number and size of irrigated

Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the To receive credit, you must select TWO

○The prosperity of the elite

○Plenty of available housing

○Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment

○The presence of one or more religious shrines

Paragraph 6: The picture of Teotihuacán that emerges is a classic picture of positive feedback among obsidian mining and working, trade, population growth, irrigation, and religious The thriving obsidian operation, for example, would necessitate more miners, additional manufacturers of obsidian tools, and additional traders to carry the goods to new All this led to increased wealth, which in turn would attract more immigrants to Teotihuacá The growing power of the elite, who controlled the economy, would give them the means to physically coerce people to move to Teotihuacán and serve as additions to the labor More irrigation works would have to be built to feed the growing population, and this resulted in more power and wealth for the

In paragraph 6, the author discusses "The thriving obsidian operation" in order to

○ explain why manufacturing was the main industry of Teotihuacán

○ give an example of an industry that took very little time to develop in Teotihuacán

○ Illustrate how several factors influenced each other to make Teotihuacán a powerful and wealthy city

○ explain how a successful industry can be a source of wealth and a source of conflict at the same time

Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 At its height, between about 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square ■It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and ■Clearly, much planning and central control were involved in the expansion and ordering of this great ■Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). ■

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the

In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of

Where would the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

Teotihuacán was a highly developed city in Mesoamerica that reached its peak between about 150 and

●

●

●

Answer choices

○The number and sophistication of the architectural, administrative, commercial, and religious features of Teotihuacan indicate the existence of centralized planning and

○Teotihuacán may have developed its own specific local religion as a result of the cultural advances made possible by the city"s great

○As a result of its large number of religious shrines, by the first century , Teotihuacan become the most influential religious center in all of

○Several factors may account for Teotihuacán"s extraordinary development, including its location, rich natural resources, irrigation potential, intelligent elite, and the misfortune of rival

○In many important areas, from the obsidian industry to religious tourism, Teotihuacán"s success and prosperity typified the classic positive feedback

○Although many immigrants settled in Teotihuacán between and 700, the increasing threat of coerced labor discouraged further settlement and limited Teotihuacán"s population

托福答案阅读 第10篇

The word "rudimentary" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○thorough

○strict

○basic

○occasional

According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?

○Smith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local

○Smith"s family lived in a small English town and possessed little

○Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his

○Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English

Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, "A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland," a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other

○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was

○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the

○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock

According to paragraph2, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?

○It indicates the locations of England"s major

○It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel

○The data for the map were collected during Smith"s work on

○It is no longer regarded as a geological

The word "meticulously" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○carefully

○quickly

○frequently

○obviously

Paragraph 3: In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the "father of English geology," it was not only for his maps but also for something even more Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-there"s no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

○The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time

○Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to

○Smith"s catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to

○Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time

Why does the author use the phrase "Quartz is quartz"?

○To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocks

○To point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it more difficult to date than other rocks

○To provide an example of how regional differences in rock sequences can make a particular rock difficult to date

○To explain that rocks are difficult to use for dating because their chemical compositions always remain the same over time

Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth"s

According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because

○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other

○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata

○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another

○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same

The word "endured" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○vanished

○developed

○varied

○survived

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the

The word "virtually" in the passage is closest in meaning to

○possibly

○absolutely

○surprisingly

○nearly

Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph To receive credit, you must select TWO

○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to

○It was discovered independently by two different

○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock

○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through

In mentioning "trilobite", the author is making which of the following points?

○Fossils cannot be found in more than one rock

○Faunal succession can help put rock layers in relative temporal

○Faunal succession cannot be applied to different strata composed of the same kind of

○The presence of trilobite fossils makes it difficult to date a

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more █By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England"s earth into relative temporal █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around █Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the

at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the

Where would the sentence best fit?

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

William Smith"s contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Earth"s

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●

●

Answer Choices

○Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and

○Smith"s work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over

○Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata

○Smith was named "the father of English geology" for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the

○Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock

○The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth"s rock layers

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